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振荡器中相位噪声和抖动的来源

2022-04-24 17:17:11 

在压电元件中有人把晶振比喻成“心脏”,可能有些人会觉得不可思议,会觉得是我们在夸夸奇谈,我很理解有这种想法的人,因为在电子PCB板上并不是只有这种元件,还有很多包括像电容、电阻、二极管、IC之类的元器件,但是我想说的是没有晶振这颗元件的带动,其它的元件器都形同虚设。

改革开放随之以后,中国一直在快马加鞭的追赶时代的脚步,从以往不能造就航天工具和核武器,到如今能独立完成,不在需要别的国帮助。在早期,电子产品的使用在中国是少之又少的,随着人们生活水平的提高,人们对电子产品的需求不在局限于电视机,电话了。这样一来便加快了,人们对晶振的需求量。晶振简单可区分为贴片晶振和插件晶振,但是许多生产工厂由于产品的要求,都会使用高稳晶振,与此使得它的应用领域不断的壮大。但是不免存在些许使用者在对高稳晶振压控功能的使用方法与要求有一定的盲区,为了彻底解决这个困扰使用者很久的问题,深圳市康华尔电子有限公司研发团队,综合研究,整理出晶振压控功能的特性描述与简要的说明的独家见解,希望同广大用户朋友和同行爱好者们共同分享、学习、探讨。

晶振频率随压控端控制电压的变化而变化的特性叫做压控特性。一般晶振在长期运行中,由于各种因素的影响,晶振工作频率会产生一定的波动或老化漂移。为了保证晶振工作频率达到系统运行要求,在频率超出运行要求时必须进行调节,一般多采用电调的方法来实现。

CS325-19.069928MABJ-UT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 19.069928MHZ 18PF SMD CS325 MHz Crystal 19.069928MHz
CS325-19.069928MABJ-UT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 19.069928MHZ 18PF SMD CS325 MHz Crystal 19.069928MHz
CS325-18.9375MABJ-UT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 18.9375MHZ 18PF SMD CS325 MHz Crystal 18.9375MHz
CS325-18.9375MABJ-UT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 18.9375MHZ 18PF SMD CS325 MHz Crystal 18.9375MHz
CS325-18.9375MABJ-UT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 18.9375MHZ 18PF SMD CS325 MHz Crystal 18.9375MHz
CS325-52.000MABJ-UT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 52.0000MHZ 18PF SMD CS325 MHz Crystal 52MHz
CS325-52.000MABJ-UT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 52.0000MHZ 18PF SMD CS325 MHz Crystal 52MHz
CS325-52.000MABJ-UT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 52.0000MHZ 18PF SMD CS325 MHz Crystal 52MHz
CS325-20.500MABJ-UT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 20.5000MHZ 18PF SMD CS325 MHz Crystal 20.5MHz
CS325-20.500MABJ-UT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 20.5000MHZ 18PF SMD CS325 MHz Crystal 20.5MHz
CS325-20.500MABJ-UT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 20.5000MHZ 18PF SMD CS325 MHz Crystal 20.5MHz
CS325-37.050MABJ-UT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 37.0500MHZ 18PF SMD CS325 MHz Crystal 37.05MHz
CS325-37.050MABJ-UT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 37.0500MHZ 18PF SMD CS325 MHz Crystal 37.05MHz
CS325-37.050MABJ-UT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 37.0500MHZ 18PF SMD CS325 MHz Crystal 37.05MHz
CM41532768EZFT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 32.7680KHZ 12.5PF SMD CM415 kHz Crystal (Tuning Fork) 32.768kHz
CM41532768EZFT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 32.7680KHZ 12.5PF SMD CM415 kHz Crystal (Tuning Fork) 32.768kHz
CM41532768EZFT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 32.7680KHZ 12.5PF SMD CM415 kHz Crystal (Tuning Fork) 32.768kHz
CS325-44.000MABJ-UT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 44.0000MHZ 18PF SMD CS325 MHz Crystal 44MHz
CS325-44.000MABJ-UT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 44.0000MHZ 18PF SMD CS325 MHz Crystal 44MHz
CS325-44.000MABJ-UT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 44.0000MHZ 18PF SMD CS325 MHz Crystal 44MHz
CS325-53.125MABJ-UT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 53.1250MHZ 18PF SMD CS325 MHz Crystal 53.125MHz
CS325-53.125MABJ-UT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 53.1250MHZ 18PF SMD CS325 MHz Crystal 53.125MHz
CS325-53.125MABJ-UT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 53.1250MHZ 18PF SMD CS325 MHz Crystal 53.125MHz
CS325-40.000MABJ-UT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 40.0000MHZ 18PF SMD CS325 MHz Crystal 40MHz
CS325-40.000MABJ-UT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 40.0000MHZ 18PF SMD CS325 MHz Crystal 40MHz
CS325-40.000MABJ-UT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 40.0000MHZ 18PF SMD CS325 MHz Crystal 40MHz
CS325-16.384MABJ-UT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 16.3840MHZ 18PF SMD CS325 MHz Crystal 16.384MHz
CS325-16.384MABJ-UT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 16.3840MHZ 18PF SMD CS325 MHz Crystal 16.384MHz
CS325-16.384MABJ-UT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 16.3840MHZ 18PF SMD CS325 MHz Crystal 16.384MHz
CS325H-44.000MEDQ-UT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 44.0000MHZ 10PF SMD CS325H MHz Crystal 44MHz
CS325H-44.000MEDQ-UT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 44.0000MHZ 10PF SMD CS325H MHz Crystal 44MHz
CS325H-44.000MEDQ-UT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 44.0000MHZ 10PF SMD CS325H MHz Crystal 44MHz
CS325H-40.000MEDQ-UT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 40.0000MHZ 10PF SMD CS325H MHz Crystal 40MHz
CS325H-40.000MEDQ-UT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 40.0000MHZ 10PF SMD CS325H MHz Crystal 40MHz
CS325H-40.000MEDQ-UT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 40.0000MHZ 10PF SMD CS325H MHz Crystal 40MHz
HC-49/U-S4000000ABJB Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 4.0000MHZ 18PF T/H HC49US MHz Crystal 4MHz
HC-49/U-S6000000ABJB Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 6.0000MHZ 18PF T/H HC49US MHz Crystal 6MHz
HC-49/U-S3686400ABJB Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 3.6864MHZ 18PF T/H HC49US MHz Crystal 3.6864MHz
CFV-206100000AZFB Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 100.0000KHZ 12.5PF T/H CFV-206 kHz Crystal (Tuning Fork) 100kHz
CFV-20640000AZFB Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 40.0000KHZ 12.5PF T/H CFV-206 kHz Crystal (Tuning Fork) 40kHz
CFV-20632000DZFB Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 32.0000KHZ 12.5PF T/H CFV-206 kHz Crystal (Tuning Fork) 32kHz
HC-49/U-S19660800ABJB Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 19.6608MHZ 18PF T/H HC49US MHz Crystal 19.6608MHz
HC-49/U-S28636360ABJB Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 28.63636MHZ 18PF T/H HC49US MHz Crystal 28.63636MHz

单从压控特性指标来说,在相同压控电压变化范围内频率调节范围越大越好,但对高稳晶振来说,因其频率稳定度高,频率短时期内的频率变化很小,不需要经常很大的调节量;另外,过大的频率调节范围会对其它稳定度方面的指标(如温度稳定度)构成一定的影响,需根据用户要求综合考虑多方面指标,以保证器件与整个系统性能的平衡与合理。

关于控制晶振压控端的控制电压,对于需要使用到此功能的用户来说,其控制电压来源于用户的系统设计,大多用户采用智能受控的精密DAC电路或数字电位器(位数越高频率控制精度越高),也有少数采用传统的人工调节机械电位器,不论采用哪种控制方式都应注意控制电压纹波与响应时间,当输入端干扰过大时会使晶振频率抖动,相噪恶化。通常情况下晶振厂商在晶振压控输入端的内部已设计了一定频响范围内的低通滤波,所以如果晶振工作环境有较强干扰,可在压控端外部增加一个适度频响的低通滤波,如果干扰不大外部低通器件不焊即可。

HC-49/U-S48000000ABJB Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 48.0000MHZ 18PF T/H HC49US MHz Crystal 48MHz
HC-49/U-S32000000ABJB Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 32.0000MHZ 18PF T/H HC49US MHz Crystal 32MHz
HC-49/U-S7680000ABJB Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 7.6800MHZ 18PF T/H HC49US MHz Crystal 7.68MHz
HC-49/U-S3579545ABJB Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 3.579545MHZ 18PF T/H HC49US MHz Crystal 3.579545MHz
CFV-20665536AZFB Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 65.5360KHZ 12.5PF T/H CFV-206 kHz Crystal (Tuning Fork) 65.536kHz
CFV-20636000AZFB Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 36.0000KHZ 12.5PF T/H CFV-206 kHz Crystal (Tuning Fork) 36kHz
HC-49/U-S14318180ABKB Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 14.31818MHZ 20PF T/H HC-49US MHz Crystal 14.31818MHz
CFS-20632768EZYB Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 32.7680KHZ 7PF T/H CFS-206 kHz Crystal (Tuning Fork) 32.768kHz
CM309E10240000ABJT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 10.2400MHZ 18PF SMD CM309E MHz Crystal 10.24MHz
CM309E10240000ABJT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 10.2400MHZ 18PF SMD CM309E MHz Crystal 10.24MHz
CM309E10240000ABJT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 10.2400MHZ 18PF SMD CM309E MHz Crystal 10.24MHz
CFV-20668500DZFB Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 68.5000KHZ 12.5PF T/H CFV-206 kHz Crystal (Tuning Fork) 68.5kHz
CFV-20668503DZFB Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 68.5030KHZ 12.5PF T/H CFV-206 kHz Crystal (Tuning Fork) 68.5kHz
CFV-20640003DZFB Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 40.0030KHZ 12.5PF T/H CFV-206 kHz Crystal (Tuning Fork) 40kHz
CFV-20660003DZFB Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 60.0030KHZ 12.5PF T/H CFV-206 kHz Crystal (Tuning Fork) 60kHz
CFV-20660000DZFB Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 60.0000KHZ 12.5PF T/H CFV-206 kHz Crystal (Tuning Fork) 60kHz
CFV-20640000DZFB Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 40.0000KHZ 12.5PF T/H CFV-206 kHz Crystal (Tuning Fork) 40kHz
CM309A16.257MABJT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 16.2570MHZ 18PF SMD CM309A MHz Crystal 16.257MHz
CM309A16.257MABJT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 16.2570MHZ 18PF SMD CM309A MHz Crystal 16.257MHz
CM309S33.8688MABJTR Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 33.8688MHZ 18PF SMD CM309S MHz Crystal 33.8688MHz
CM309S33.8688MABJTR Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 33.8688MHZ 18PF SMD CM309S MHz Crystal 33.8688MHz
HC-49/U-S5990400ABJB Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 5.9904MHZ 18PF T/H HC49US MHz Crystal 5.9904MHz
HC-49/U-S16257000ABJB Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 16.2570MHZ 18PF T/H HC49US MHz Crystal 16.257MHz
HC-49/U-S17734475ABJB Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 17.734475MHZ 18PF T/H HC49US MHz Crystal 17.734475MHz
HC-49/U-S16000312ABJB Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 16.000312MHZ 18PF T/H HC49US MHz Crystal 16.000312MHz
HC-49/U-S11000000ABJB Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 11.0000MHZ 18PF T/H HC49US MHz Crystal 11MHz
HC-49/U-S9000000ABJB Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 9.0000MHZ 18PF T/H HC49US MHz Crystal 9MHz
HC-49/U-S18000000ABJB Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 18.0000MHZ 18PF T/H HC49US MHz Crystal 18MHz
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HCM4910240000ABJT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 10.2400MHZ 18PF SMD HCM49 MHz Crystal 10.24MHz
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HCM4919660800ABJT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 19.6608MHZ 18PF SMD HCM49 MHz Crystal 19.6608MHz
HCM4919660800ABJT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 19.6608MHZ 18PF SMD HCM49 MHz Crystal 19.6608MHz
HCM4919660800ABJT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 19.6608MHZ 18PF SMD HCM49 MHz Crystal 19.6608MHz
HCM4916384000ABJT Citizen Finedevice Co Ltd CRYSTAL 16.3840MHZ 18PF SMD HCM49 MHz Crystal 16.384MHz
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压控振荡器(VCXO)是通过调整控制端电压改变输出频率。一般频率调整范围为±50~±200ppm。改变外加调整电压的大小,能改变容性负载CL的值,从而实现频率的调整。

温补振荡器(TCXO)是利用附件的温度补偿电路以减少环境温度对振荡频率的影响。TCXO利用热敏电阻的温度敏感性,当温度变化时,热敏电阻的阻值和容性负载同时发生变化,而容性负载的变化会改变振荡频率,从而实现的对振荡频率的修正

TCXO频率精度和温度特性远高于普通振荡器,比恒温晶振差,但不需预热,功耗低,从而在野外作业,移动设备,通讯导航设备中广泛应用。

无论是压控晶振还是温补晶振,在电路中只有一个作用,那就是提供稳定的频率输出。不同的是压控晶振可以通过压控端的电压微调控制输出的频率的高低,而温补晶振则自动根据环境温度的变化对频率输出进行补偿,使输出的频率稳定,当然一些温补晶振也带有压控端

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